Mangifera indica (mango) is a member of the Anacardiaceae family with a tradition of use as a medicinal plant. Mango extracts have been characterized as exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunomodulatory activities ( Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2013;29:84-9 ; Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2009;32:53-8 ). Mango is grown in more than 100 countries, primarily in Asia, in tropical as well as subtropical regions ( Molecules 2014;19:17107-29 ). Mango stem bark and leaves have been used in traditional medicine to treat anemia, cutaneous infections, diabetes, diarrhea, scabies, syphilis, and malignant tumors ( Pharmacol. Res. 2007;55:351-8 ). Polyphenols and carotenoids are among the phytonutrients identified as responsible for the biologic activity of mango ( Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2013;29:84-9 ).
Various biologic activities and traditional uses
Ojewole investigated the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiabetic activity of M. indica stem bark aqueous extract in rats and mice in 2005. In mice, mango extract dose-dependently delivered significant analgesic effects against thermally and chemically-generated pain. The investigators attributed the observed salutary effects of the plant to its constituent polyphenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and mangiferin. They also noted that their findings support the folkloric uses of the plant for treating arthritic and other inflammatory conditions, as well as type 2 diabetes ( Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 2005;27:547-54 ).
Another important constituent of mango (also found in olive, strawberry, fig, and various medicinal herbs) is the triterpene lupeol, which has been characterized as exhibiting potent antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and antiarthritic activity ( Oncogene 2004;23:5203-14 ). A 2014 study by Sahu et al. also showed that M. indica leaves display some antityrosinase activity, though not as strongly as other medicinal plants, such as Emblica officinalis ( Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2014;17:146-50) .
Anticancer, antioxidant, and antiphotoaging activity
In 2004, Saleem et al. demonstrated that topically applied lupeol exhibited anti–tumor-promoting effects in a CD-1 mouse skin tumorigenesis model. Pretreatment with the mango constituent time- and dose-dependently inhibited multiple 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-mediated increases in edema, hyperplasia, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, as well as protein expression of ODC, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase. Pretreated animals also experienced significantly lower tumor incidence and tumor body burden as well as a significant delay in tumor latency period. The researchers concluded that lupeol exerts anti–skin tumor promoting effects on CD-1 mice ( Oncogene 2004;23:5203-14 ).
Three years later, Núñez-Sellés et al. reported that a mango stem bark extract (Vimang) developed in Cuba exhibited antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating activity in basic, preclinical, and clinical studies ( Pharmacol. Res. 2007;55:351-8 ).
A 2009 toxicological analysis of Vimang, which has been formulated into tablets, creams, capsules, syrup, vaginal oval, and suppositories for various applications, revealed via irritant tests conducted on rabbits that the topical formulation was not irritating to the skin, generally, with minimal irritancy noted after vaginal application. No adverse effects were reported ( Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2009;32:53-8 ).
In 2012, Li et al. discovered norathyriol (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one), a plant-derived chemopreventive metabolite of mangiferin, found in mango, Hypericum elegans, and Tripterospermum lanceolatum. They found that norathyriol significantly inhibited solar UV-induced skin carcinogenesis in mouse models. In vitro investigations revealed that the compound suppressed cell growth in mouse skin epidermal JB6 P+ cells at the level of G2-M phase arrest. The investigators concluded that this newly identified substance appears to act as a safe chemopreventive agent against UV-induced skin cancer ( Cancer Res. 2012;72:260-70 ).
A year later, Song et al. assessed the protective effects of orally administered mango extract against UVB-induced cutaneous aging in HR-1 hairless male mice. The animals were divided into control, UVB-treated vehicle, and UVB-treated mango extract groups. The researchers found that mango extract significantly suppressed the increase in epidermal thickness and hypertrophy indicative of UVB treatment, with mean length of wrinkles significantly lower in the mango group compared with the UVB-treated vehicle group. Treatment with mango extract also led to a significant increase in collagen bundles in animals treated with UVB. The authors concluded that mango extract displayed antiphotoaging properties in hairless mice exposed to UVB ( Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2013;29:84-9 ).
Further, a 2014 in vitro study revealed that extracts of Helicanthus elastica growing on M. indica exhibited antioxidant activity. H. elastica is a hemiparasite that often grows on mango trees in India and is known to be a rich source of phenolic substances ( J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2014;4:285-8 ).
Topical delivery
Mandawgade and Patravale developed a mango butter skin care formulation in 2008 that was used to test skin repair in rat excision and incision wound models. A healing response was noted in both animal models. The formulation also was found to be effective in achieving complete repair of worn and cracked skin on the feet of all human volunteers in the study. The investigators concluded that the mango butter preparation delivers superlative emolliency and warrants consideration as an excipient agent in cosmeceutical products ( Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2008;70:539-42 ).
It is worth noting that cases of “mango dermatitis” (allergic contact dermatitis to the sap or skin of M. indica), manifesting in urticaria and eczematous rashes, have been reported ( Australas. J. Dermatol. 1996;37:59-60 ; Int. J. Dermatol. 2004;43:195-6 ).
In 2014, Leanpolchareanchai et al. developed a microemulsion system containing Thai mango seed kernel extract that displayed strong skin enhancement results in ex vivo skin permeation studies (penetrating skin layers up to 60-fold higher than controls) and physicochemical stability over 6 months ( Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2009;32:53-8 ). Thai mango seed kernel extract had previously been shown to exhibit anti–methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and antityrosinase characteristics, as well as strong free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities.( Molecules 2014;19:17107-29 ).
Conclusion
Evidence on the cutaneous applications of mango is emerging, but does not have a significant track record. That said, this fruit has long been used in traditional medicine for a range of indications, including skin disorders. Much more research is necessary, however, to ascertain how beneficial this fruit and its extracts may be. At the very least, there are few reports of adverse events associated with topical application.
Dr. Baumann is chief executive officer of the Baumann Cosmetic & Research Institute in the Design District in Miami. She founded the Cosmetic Dermatology Center at the University of Miami in 1997. Dr. Baumann wrote the textbook “Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice” (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002), and a book for consumers, “The Skin Type Solution” (New York: Bantam Dell, 2006). She has contributed to the Cosmeceutical Critique column in Dermatology News since January 2001. Her latest book, “Cosmeceuticals and Cosmetic Ingredients,” was published in November 2014. Dr. Baumann has received funding for clinical grants from Allergan, Aveeno, Avon Products, Evolus, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Kythera, Mary Kay, Medicis Pharmaceuticals, Neutrogena, Philosophy,Topix Pharmaceuticals, and Unilever.
